Slowing Down the Speed of Light

Slowing Down the Speed of Light STOPPING LIGHT IN  ITS TRACKS Noorul Husna Binti Safian Sauri Abstract Introduction The fact that speed of light which is very fast can be slowed down and stopped when there is change in refractive index. Stopped light achieved when the optical pulses are trapped in some material such as in the experiment which have been done by G. Heinze et al.[1]. In that experiment, the optical pulses was stopped in cooled Pr3+:Y2SiO5 crystal up to 20 µs. Then slow light can be obtained by measured the decrease in group velocity. A.V Turukhin et al.[2] done the experiment to observed the ultraslow light. As a result from their experiment, a 45ms-1 speed of light were observed. The group velocity, is defined as vg(w) = c / n(w) and from the equation ng(w) = n(w) + w dn (w)/dw , it showed the slow light can be obtained from the variation of refractive index and the dispersion of the material. Furthermore, when , the group velocity can be highly reduced in material. So in order to achieve the slow light, material with higher dispersion is needed. However, in this situation a strong absorptions have become a big obstacle. It is because of the fact that higher dispersion gives a higher absorption and lead to a bad data transmission. Technique of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) introduced by researchers give the best solution for the strong absorptions although the EIT does not give 100% transmission. At the same time, EIT give additional advantages in order to slowed down and stopped the fast speed optical pulses. A solid-state medium is more preferred in many applications of slow light because it has special properties. In solid- state medium, atomic diffusion is not being present, so it allow longer times for optical pulses storage. The slow light techniques play important role in numerous applications for example in optical- communication system. Theoretical background The condition of vg Where E is electric field and ω is angular frequency propagating through a medium. Then the phase of this wave is given by : The points of constant phase will move in a velocity of where k is a wavenumber. Then used the relation of the phase velocity become . n from the equation is refer to a refrective index and c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. When the field is not considered as monochromatic, that velocity is defined as a group velocity and this velocity shows the propagation rate of changes in amplitude. Mathematically, group velocity is given by : Group velocity also can be defined as velocity at which energy or information is transmitted along a wave. Noticed that group index is then From equation (6), the group index depends on dispersion and slow light can be obtained by making the large. Professor Jakob Khanin and Olga Kocharovskaya were the first physicists that introduced the theory of EIT. EIT is a phenomenon of quantum optics which permits an opaque medium to be transparent to the optical light wave while still keeping the strong dispersion needed to generate the slow light. Based on Figure 2, when a first light beam is applied to the opaque medium, the light beam is completely absorbed. Then, after a second light is applied to the opaque medium suddenly the medium become transparent. Figure 1: observation when the control beam is off and on The atoms experience a spontaneous process. When light beam comes in which it resonant with the frequency of the transitions, the atoms will excite to the higher energy level. This situation describes the normal absorption of light. Then, without any external radiation, the atom will decay spontaneously and end up in the lower state. These process depend on the number density of photon,. At first, I study the two level atomic system. From Einstein B coefficients, the transition probability up from ground state |1> to excited state |2> is B12 and from the Einstein A coefficient, the spontaneous transition down from excited state |2> to ground state of |1> is A21. When the light is shining in the system, the number N1 of atom at the state |1> must be equal with the population N2 of atoms in the state |2>. Then, the absorption in the system is said to be saturated which mean there is no absorption of light beam can be happen. This situation will not be able to make the phenomena of EIT from being happen. To make the two level system unbalance, another state is introduce by shining a second light. This is why three level atomic system is used in the EIT. Figure 2 : representation of absorption and spontaneous emission Figure 3 illustrates the three level atomic system interact by a control beam which is a strong optical field and a probe beam which is a weak optical field. The three level system is also called a à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ §-system based on its shape. The atoms are consider to have a pair of lower energy states of |1> and |2>. The probe beam couples states |1> and |3> with frequency while the control beam couples states |2> and |3> with frequency . The two pathway interfere and cancel each other and then create a dark states polariton. Dark states means that there is no atoms will be promote to the excited state and then vanish the absorption of light. Figure 3 : representation of three level atomic system The expression of linear susceptibility spectrum explained the how the atomic ensemble respond to the strong resonant control beam and weak probe beam[4]. The expression is : Where be similar to the relaxation rate of the coherence, N is the total number of atoms in the sample, is the difference between the probe beam frequency and the frequency of the atomic transition (with = 0 show the frequency of the atom-field resonance), is the atom-field coupling constant, and lastly is the Rabi frequency of the control beam[]. Rabi frequency is defined as , where and E are correspond to the transition moment and electric field of the control beam[].From the susceptibility, the imaginary part, where is the transmission coefficient describes absorptive properties of the medium and L is the length of the medium. Then the real part of the susceptibility, showed the refractive index. Based on figure 4, the various ‘wiggles’ refractive index which is green line showed the behaviour of nonlinear when detuning the frequency. The strength of the dispersion which relate to the slow light is determined by the gradient of the refractive index and at the same time the sharp EIT exhibit the strong nonlinear dispersive behaviour. The sharp peak of the transmission line showed the ideal EIT take place at exact resonance ( ). ). The exact resonance condition achieved when the frequency difference between the two light beams accurately matches with the frequency separation between the two lower states of and .When the exact resonance condition is not achieved, the interference is not ideal the medium become absorbing[5]. Figure 5 represents the propagation of light in the EIT medium. At the beginning, the light pulse is outside the medium and all the atoms are in the ground states( |1>). The front edge of the light pulse then enters the medium and is quickly decelerated. The back edge of the light pulse propagates with vacuum speed c because it is still outside of the medium. Hence, upon entrance into the cell, the spatial extent of the light pulse is compressed by the ratio of , while its peak amplitude remains same. The energy of the light pulse is obviously much smaller when it is inside the medium. The photons are being expended to create the coherence between states of |1> and |2> , or in other words, to flip the atomic spins, with the excess energy carried away by the control field. Then, the wave of flipped spins now propagates together with the light pulse. The atoms are therefore strongly coupled to the photons which is in the light pulse, with an associated quasiparticle called a dark-state polarition[6]. The quasiparticle is a combination of photons and spins excitation. The spatial extent increases again when the light pulse exits the medium and then the atoms return back to their original ground state. However, a delayed of the whole light pulse occurred by where L is the length of the medium. In the dark-state polarition, when the control field is adiabatically switched off, the coupled excitation is converted into a pure atomic excitation, that is, the probe field is stopped[7]. Then, to retrieve the probe field, the control field is switched on. A storage time of more than a second were achieved in this way. Figure 4 : Spectrum of transmission and refractive index corresponding to EIT. This figure is taken from reference [4]. . Figure 4 : spatial compression occurred when the light beam enters the medium and at the same time the photons are changed into a atomic (spin excitation). This figure is taken from reference [5]. In the situation when the decay rate between state and is negligible, the propagation of probe field can be describe by the electric field operator, where the sum is over the free-space of photonic modes with wave vectors k and bosonic operator [8]. A collective atomic operators, averaged over small is used to describe the properties of the medium but at position z, macroscopic volumes containing particles [6]. Specifically, the operator is used to describes the polarization of atom oscillating at an optical frequency, whereas the operator decribes a low-frequency spin wave. Assumed that the control field is strong and it is treated classically. The atomic evolution is conducted by a set of Heisenberg equation which is , where is represent the atom-field interaction Hamiltonian and [8]. From these equations, the probe field is assuming to be weak and that and change in time slowly. To leading order in the probe field , find that The Heisenberg equation, described the evolution of the probe field. A new quantum field which is a superposition of photonics and spin-wave components is introduced in order to attained the solution for the equations (15),(16) and (17). Furthermore, the new quantum field, must obeys the equation of motion, The equation (21) describes a shape-preserving propagation with velocity which is proportional to the magnitude of its photonic component. Moreover, EIT is also related to the Stark effect and Zeeman effects[9]. Stark effects is the splitting of energy level due to the present of electric field while Zeeman effects is the splitting of energy level due to the present of magnetic field. If a volume is considered to be filled by a hydrogen atom and a DC field is applied to the volume, the state will splits into three states with specific energies. By follow the notation ,the states degenerates while the states is generates which the state mixes with the states. The states are : Disscussion In this section, I will disscuss about the implementation of EIT to observe the slow light and stopping.One of the technique used to induce transparency in opaque medium is â€Å"Coherent population trapping† or CPT. In CPT, the atoms are forced into a coherent superposition of Zeeman or hyperfine states that are strongly coupled to the light via Raman transition[10]. The definition of superposition state is the state which is stable against absorption from the radiation of electromagnetic field[]. Generally, CPT is more refer to the concept of two fields closely equal to the Rabi frequency. The experiment done by Alexander et al. [11] used the concept of CPT to observe the slow light in a hot rubidium atoms. The main idea in the experiment is to obtain the narrow EIT resonance. Currently, the quantum mechanics is used for a fundamental of communication and computation. To carry out these ideas, information should be encoded in delicate quantum states, like a single-photon states, and then manipulated without being destroyed. It is fact that photons are the fastest and be a simplest carriers of quantum information. However, they are not easy to localize and process. EIT has already had a large impact on the field of optical science. One of the potential application is used in optical buffering for the optical communication. From figure , there is an switch in optical router. The switch can only deal with one data packet at a time [10]. So if two data packet arrive at the same time, the collision of data packet will occur and the overall flow of the data packet will be slow down. Furthermore, the information carried by the two data packet will be loss. To avoid these problems, a slow light medium is activated in one of the branches in order to delay the velocity of data packet. As a result, the flow of information will be speed up because no collision between two data packet happened. References [1] G. Heinze, a. Rudolf, F. Beil, and T. Halfmann, â€Å"Storage of images in atomic coherences in a rare-earth-ion-doped solid,† Phys. Rev. A, vol. 81, no. 1, p. 011401, Jan. 2010. [2] a. Turukhin, V. Sudarshanam, M. Shahriar, J. Musser, B. Ham, and P. Hemmer, â€Å"Observation of Ultraslow and Stored Light Pulses in a Solid,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 88, no. 2, p. 023602, Dec. 2001. [3] L. Hau, S. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. Behroozi, â€Å"Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas,† Nature, vol. 397, no. February, pp. 594–598, 1999. [4] M. D. Lukin, â€Å"Colloquiumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Trapping and manipulating photon states,† vol. 75, no. April, 2003. [5] M. Lukin and A. ImamoÄÅ ¸lu, â€Å"Controlling photons using electromagnetically induced transparency,† Nature, pp. 273–276, 2001. [6] M. Fleischhauer and M. Lukin, â€Å"Dark-State Polaritons in Electromagnetically Induced Transparency,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 22, pp. 5094–5097, May 2000. [7] T. Chanelià ¨re, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, S.-Y. Lan, T. a B. Kennedy, and a Kuzmich, â€Å"Storage and retrieval of single photons transmitted between remote quantum memories.,† Nature, vol. 438, no. 7069, pp. 833–6, Dec. 2005. [8] a Andrà ©, M. D. Eisaman, R. L. Walsworth, a S. Zibrov, and M. D. Lukin, â€Å"Quantum control of light using electromagnetically induced transparency,† J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 38, no. 9, pp. S589–S604, May 2005. [9] S. Virally, â€Å"A Review of Slow Light Physics and Its Applications,† Ec. Polytech. Montr eal, pp. 82–90, 2008. [10] D. Phillips, a. Fleischhauer, a. Mair, R. Walsworth, and M. Lukin, â€Å"Storage of Light in Atomic Vapor,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 783–786, Jan. 2001. [11] M. Kash, V. Sautenkov, A. Zibrov, L. Hollberg, G. Welch, M. Lukin, Y. Rostovtsev, E. Fry, and M. Scully, â€Å"Ultraslow Group Velocity and Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Effects in a Coherently Driven Hot Atomic Gas,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 82, no. 26, pp. 5229–5232, Jun. 1999. [12] A. L. G. Robert W. Boyd, Daniel J. Gauthier, â€Å"Applications of Slow Light in Telecommunications,† Opt. Photonics News, vol. 17, no. April, p. 18, 2006.

Bullying speech Essay

What does it feel like to wake up in the morning and look forward to a day of teasing and name calling? What does it feel like to be engulfed in a world of negativity? Bullying†¦ Unwanted and aggressive behavior among school aged children involving real or perceived power imbalance. Bullying is no man’s best friend and it shouldn’t be. We see it all around us in our daily lives. All across the United States, this form of victimization has become an infamous trend among scholars. About 3 million out of America’s 21 million students are affected by bullying. That is about 1 student in every 7 students! Numerous people have different perspectives on what bullying is. Some think it means physical hurting while others think it is only emotional hurting. All of these are correct due to the fact that there are different ways one can be bullied. Bullying is unwanted and repeated behavior among students which includes Physical, Verbal, Indirect, social Alienation, In timidation and Cyber Bullying. see more:speeches on bullying Physical bullying is a serious problem it is when one person or a group of people picks on or harasses another person in a face to face confrontational manner. Verbal bullying is the most common form but it is just as bad as the other types. It is when an individual uses verbal language (e.g., insults, teasing, etc.) to gain power over his or her peers. Social Alienation is one type of bullying whereby exclusion is occurring between students due to social differences. The devastating part about this form is that it is not easily recognized as a form of bullying. Intimidation is the acts of making someone feel fearful by using threats. Last but not least, Cyber bullying which happens when kids bully each other through electronic devices. Over 25 percent of adolescents and teens have been bullied repeatedly through their cell phones or the Internet. With the increase in our use of technology, this form of bullying is increasing to higher rates. How can you stop this from happening? How can we put an end to bullying? It’s simple. The best way is NOT ignoring it whenever you see it going on. STEP UP! And be an advocate for your fellow peers that are hurting. Bulling is BAD! And it is up to YOU if you would let it happen when  you see it going on or stop it. experience

Leadership in Invictus - 1722 Words

The story of Invictus is based upon the life of Nelson Mandela during the time he held his Presidency of South Africa. Specifically, the movie focuses on his ideas of managing the Springboks and how the opportunity of using the country’s Rugby team unfolds as a way to bring the country together. Since The World Cup is being held in South Africa during the first year of his term, he sees The World Cup as an attempt to bring the whites and blacks together by finding pride in their home team’s victory. Mandela is successful at transforming the beliefs of South Africa through his styles of democratic leadership, transformational leadership, and interpersonal orientation leadership. First, Mandela idealized influence by working well with all†¦show more content†¦103). According to Goleman, empathy is another self-management skilled required for a good leader. He had a strong intelligence of dealing with others. He took into account their feelings as opposed to taking on their issues. Mandela characterizes the five transformational leadership behaviors. As a transformational leader he was creative, interactive, visionary, empowering, and passionate. Together using these five behaviors he was able to use his moral authority and inspired a nation to rise above its past and to attain goals that seemed impossible. His vision was to see build a society of non-racists, and used his position as a leader to create opportunities to show South Africa that it was achievable. He became the change he wanted to see from his followers. It was his plan to influence and then convert his followers into the type of leader he was. Mandela did this by picking up the phone and calling people on their birthdays and going to family funerals. These are the moments where he saw opportunity. The story depicted by the movie Invictus is just a glimpse at the many hearts that he touched through his transformational leadership approach proved to be a success in the accomplishment of his end goal of equal diversity amongst the citizens of South Africa. Mandela experienced a great amount of satisfaction from his role in changing the government’s environment and finding peace forShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Leadership in the Film Invictus873 Words   |  4 Pages1. The movie â€Å"Invictus† shows great examples of the trait leadership theory that Mandela portrayed as the President of South Africa. Mandela was able to influence the people of South Africa through his traits of being an extravert leader and having great integrity. According to the text, extraverts are sociable, assertive, and energetic people. Mandela displayed traits of an extravert leader. Whenever he would greet people he always had a genuine smile and good intentions towards everyone he metRead MoreLeadership lessons from the movie â€Å"Invictus†1115 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Leadership lessons from the movie â€Å"Invictus† Invictus is a biographical film based on the book Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation. The story of the film revolves around Nelson Mandela’s efforts and strategy to unite the South African society that is torn apart by apartheid. Upon being elected as the first black President of the nation amidst severe opposition from the whites, Mandela faced an enormous challenge to reconcile the nation and build a democracy in theRead MoreLeadership: Invictus Movie Report1044 Words   |  5 PagesClint Eastwood, with his movie Invictus, notches another success which uses a rugby championship as a means for examining South Africa s transition from apartheid. Two characters are highlighted: Nelson Mandela (played by Morgan Freeman) the new president of South Africa (1994-1999) and the captain of the Springboks, Franà §ois Pienaar (played by Matt Damon). After being locked up for 27 years, Nelson Mandela returns to politics. He symbolizes the new South Afri ca in which Black and White have theRead MoreLeadership: Let Your Individuality Shine Essay557 Words   |  3 PagesLeadership â€Å"If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more, and become more, you are a leader,† (Adams). A leader is a person with the ability to comfort somebody through any task. He or she can make a person trust them whole heartedly. They make people believe in their cause. There are only a few exceptional people that can affect the world on such a massive level that it leaves you in awe, and Nelson Mandela is one of those few exceptional people. 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Gun Control Regulating Concealed Guns - 1025 Words

It is very important to notice that the matter of regulation, first of all, refers to concealed guns. Lott (2013) states that the problem of allowing concealed handguns--but not openly carried handguns--is based on the argument that â€Å"when guns are concealed, criminals are unable to tell whether the victim is armed before striking, which raises the risk to criminals of committing many types of crimes.† The author also speculates that, on the other hand, when â€Å"open-carry† handgun laws are adopted, the defensive ability of a potential victim is immediately identified by the criminals, which makes it easier for them to choose the most vulnerable target (Lott, 2013, p. 6). The question of banning or permitting concealed guns evokes many more questions. According to Lott (2013), when the state legislative hearings were processed about concealed-handgun laws, the most usual concerns involved the problem of armed citizens who may possibly attack each other in the affected state that could follow car accidents, or even may accidentally shoot a dutiful police officer. However, the author argues, the evidence does not show the grounds for such fears: although 31 states have already had such concealed-handgun laws for many decades, there was only one case of a concealed handgun used in a shooting after a traffic accident. Moreover, that incident involved self-defense (Lott, 2013, p. 13). Such a controversial problem needs more time for consideration. 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The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life by Erving Goffman

Erving Goffman (1922-1983) was born in Manville, Alberta, Canada. In 1953, he received his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago. Goffman was also a professor of sociology at the University of California at Berkeley, and the Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Before his death in 1983, he received the MacIver Award (1961), the In Medias Res Award (1978), and was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Goffman has been noted as the most important American sociological theorist in the second half of the twentieth century. In 1963, Goffman published Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity to illustrate the lives of stigmatized†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, there are two types of people in the world—those who are stigmatized, and those who are â€Å"normal.† Goffman defines â€Å"normals† as being without stigma, and easily accepted in society. Stigma focuses on the interactions between these individuals within social settings. During these interactions, if a person’s stigma is plainly known and seen, the person may be considered discredited. There are â€Å"symbols† used during interactions that convey social information. There are both â€Å"prestige symbols† and stigma symbols, which can convey high status or identity discrepancies. Who one associates themselves with also reflects one’s social identity, conveying that individual’s social identity. Throughout the book, Goffman demonstrates a divide that occurs between the â€Å"us† and â€Å"them.† As explained by Goffman, stigmatized individuals are not quite human. The stigmatized individual,Show MoreRelatedThe Presentation Of Self And Everyday Life By Erving Goffman1742 Words   |  7 Pagesothers to see them. In the book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Erving Goffman writes in detail how individuals make use of different techniques to set their own stage and portray traits and interests of who they are or who they want to be. One such way of portraying ourselves to others is using impression management to control the impressions we give to others and how others see the impressions we give off. These can be found on what is considered by Goffman to be the front stage, a placeRead MoreThe Presentation Of Self In Everyday Life By Erving Goffman Analysis1640 Words   |  7 PagesIn Erving Goffman’s book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday L ife, he bases his literature and knowledge off of dramatological theories. According to Goffman, an individual appearing before others is a performer appearing before his or her audience. These performers have many motives to put on an act enabling the possibility to control their impressions given off in their performance. He then furthers his belief within a given setting, there is no true self. On the contrary to Goffman’s work, JuliaRead MoreThe Presentation of Self in Everyday Life by Erving Goffman955 Words   |  4 PagesIn his book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Goffman (1959) focuses on the self as a staged production in which people actively present themselves to different audiences one encounters. To bolster his conceptualization, Goffman used an interesting metaphor of â€Å"all the world’s a stage† (1959, 254). This, he terms as a â€Å"dramaturgical approach† (Goffman 1959, 240) in which an actor puts on a show for others; draw ing analogies between human behaviors and the theater. Goffman (1959) likens theRead MoreEssay on Presentation of Self710 Words   |  3 PagesWriting Assignment 3 DSSAE100J December 3, 2010 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life â€Å"When an individual enters the presence of others, they commonly seek to acquire†¨information about him or to bring into play information about him already possessed. They†¨will be interested in his general socio-economic status, his conception of self, his attitude†¨towards them, his competence, his trustworthiness, etc. Although some of this information is†¨sought as an end in itself, there are usually quiteRead MoreIdentity Management, Concepts, And Definitions1734 Words   |  7 Pagesfacing or presenting self, in which one manipulates their perceived image for others to discern. The concept of identity management can also effect other arenas such as professional communication in the work place and school. Similarly its effects can be perceived in the larger stage of public relations for important persons and celebrities. Identity management theory was developed on the works of Erving Goffman. It is understood that the identity management theory me ntions Goffman s contributionsRead MoreSocial Interaction: Goffman and the Social Experiment779 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Interaction: Goffman and the Social Experiment In â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life†, Erving Goffman expresses his views on social interaction, analyzing many different key aspects that formulate an individual’s role and manner throughout the act of expressing himself in the presence of others. Goffman compares the difference between â€Å"the expression that he gives, and the expression that he gives off†, explaining that these two concepts involve significantly differing actions, butRead MoreEssay on Presentation of Self Claim522 Words   |  3 PagesErving Goffman’s Presentation of Self Claim Erving Goffman was a sociologist who studied and analyzed social interaction. He took special interest in explaining how people live their lives as if they were actors performing on stage. He looked at the world as if he were a â€Å"director† seeing what goes on in everyday life. He called this observation of the world dramaturgical analysis. He applied terms to this explanation, which include the concepts of status and role. He referred the â€Å"part in a play†Read MoreGoffman s Theory Of Sociology And Anthropology1549 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2014 Erving Goffman INTRODUCTION Erving Goffman was born in Mannville, Alberta on June 11, 1922. He was born to his Ukrainian Jewish parents, Max and Ann. They were part of the Ukrainians that migrated to Canada between 1897 and 1914. He and his sister, Frances, were raised in Dauphin, near Winnipeg. Goffman attended St. John’s Technical High School. He showed an interest in chemistry and went on to study chemistry at the University of Manitoba in 1939. In 1943 and 1944 Goffman worked at theRead MoreSocial Order (Foucault and Goffman)1463 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will examine two views on social order, applied to social sciences, and embodied in everyday life. It will compare and contrast a Canadian sociologist, Erving Goffman, and a French philosopher, Michel Foucault. Through an analysis of these two figures, the text will present different ways of looking at social ordering and individuals place in a human society. Firstly, it will be shown how Goffman and Foucault approach the subject of social order, finding patterns of behaviour in micro andRead MoreEssay on Dramaturgical Analysis1185 Words   |  5 Pagesand all the men and women merely players.† William Shakespeare may have written these words in As You Like It in 1600, but Erving Goffman truly defined the phrase with his dramaturgical theory. Dramaturgical analysis is the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. Unlike actors though , who use a script telling them how to behave in every scene, real life human interactions change depending upon the social situation they are in. We may have an idea of how we want to be perceived

Discuss the value of chemistry in society Free Essays

For some time in the modern world, and especially subsequent to the events of September 11th, there has been a wave of concern regarding chemistry and its potential destructive powers. There are many people who hold a fearful attitude towards the chemical industry and its products. This is because the threat of chemical and bio-chemical weapons is very real and is a negative aspect of the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the value of chemistry in society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also it is often deemed environmentally unfriendly and unsafe for the nearby public. However it is far wider believed that the pros outweigh the cons massively. To display this I have produced a case study on Glaxo Smith Kline. Read this Practice Test Chem 105 Background Glaxo Smith Kline, based in the UK, is one of the pharmaceutical industry leaders, with an estimated seven per cent of the world’s pharmaceutical market and declare a global quest to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. This shows just how people based the company is despite its huge size. GSK is also involved in four major therapeutic areas – anti-infectives, central nervous system (CNS), respiratory and gastro-intestinal/metabolic. In addition, it is a leader in the important area of vaccines and has a growing range of oncology products and treatments. The company also has a Consumer Healthcare section comprising over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, oral care products and nutritional healthcare drinks, all of which are among the market leaders. Employees and Employment GSK GSK has over 100,000 employees worldwide. Of these, over 40,000 are in sales and marketing, the largest sales force in the industry. Over 42,000 employees work at 104 manufacturing sites in 40 countries and over 16,000 are in R;D. R;D is based at 24 sites in seven countries. The company has a leading position in genomics/genetics and new drug discovery technologies. The GSK R;D budget is about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.4bn. Implications This shows that the industry is a great employer for many job types, including lab technicians, researchers, doctors, I.T. staff, biologists and others. It also employs testers for development of drugs and measure side effects on human patients. This is where much of the development money goes as the patients are only willing to be test subjects for quite large fees due to the potentially harmful side effects. Health and Safety GSK They take health and safety really seriously as GSK. Because a lot of the work that goes on involves highly flammable organic solvents, no heating is done with naked flames (there is only one Bunsen burner in the entire plant, and that is used by the glass blower for shaping pieces of glassware.) In the research labs heating will be done using electric mantles or electrically heated oil baths. However, in the ‘scale-up’ plant, where large volumes of soluble materials are used, even electrical heating is not allowed because of the danger of sparks. Instead they heat vessels by passing a pre-heated liquid through an outer jacket around the vessel. No mobile phones or any electrical equipment are allowed inside in case they generated sparks which could ignite any flammable vapours. In the corridors outside the research laboratories there are emergency showers for people to use in the event of a chemical spillage and Hazard warnings are displayed everywhere. All chemicals have hazard-warning labels. Most pieces of equipment have warning labels on them. Details of every experiment were displayed where the experiment was carried out. A full risk assessment is done on any process before it is carried out. If any particularly hazardous materials are being used, a notice is displayed on the outside of the lab and entry is restricted to authorised personnel. In school we sometimes wear gloves when using chemicals. At GSK gloves are used routinely. There are various grades of gloves to chose from, depending on the nature of the chemicals being used. The different grades are colour coded. The researcher has to specify which gloves to use in the risk assessment. Implications These near perfect safety precautions go a long way to proving that the chemical industry is really very safe and does not pose as much danger to the public as is often thought by many people. With the help of modern technology and careful planning the industry, it has become safer than many school science classes! Drug Development GSK GSK spends millions of pounds each year on research and development. It costs something in the region of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½450,000,000 to produce a new medicine. The process of developing a new medicine takes about 10 years. Research usually begins with genetic research, which identifies the proteins involved in the disease. Then thousands of compounds will be tested to see if they react with the protein involved in the disease. This process is highly automated, using compounds stored in the automated chemical store. From this the best compound is identified. This will be the compound, which reacts best with the protein. This will not yet be good enough to be used as a therapeutic drug though. It may be too soluble to stay in the body for long; it may be too insoluble to get into the blood stream. It may be toxic, or have other characteristics that make it unsuitable for use as a drug. The next step is to modify compounds structure so that it has as near perfect properties as possible. For example, to make the compound less water-soluble so that it stays in the body for longer, large organic side groups could be added to the structure. (When penicillin was first discovered it was extremely water-soluble so was very quickly passed out of the body in the urine. Because penicillin was in such short supply it had to be recovered from the urine and recycled!) Once a suitable compound has been found the next problem is to scale up production from milligram’s to grams then to kilogram’s At this point the drug will need to be tested on living tissue (cells, not usually whole animals) So far this process will have taken 4-5 years. Scaling up production has lots of difficulties associated with it. Reactions that work well on a milligram scale may not work on a 20 kg scale. There may be difficulties associated with weighing, heating, stirring, transferring, cooling and purifying. Ways of solving all these difficulties have to be found. The drug will then enter the clinical trials stage. At first it will only be tested for side effects in a few healthy volunteers. It will then be used in trials in patients with the disease. If successful the drug will then be licensed for use and made generally available. Even after this point the drug must be monitored. Implications There is a massive amount of money being poured into the chemical industry by investors. This is good for the stock market and the global economy, the employees of the company and the public who will need the developed drugs. It is a very safe system and those who are put at risk do so by their own admission. The testers are paid quite large lump sums for testing if the drug has any side effects and are usually young healthy men and women at university or college. Very little testing on animals is being carried out any more. There is testing on animal tissue, but this is done on a very small scale and animals are rarely harmed. This is a great step for the industry, which for some time has been beset by animal rights groups protesting their actions. Also the time taken for the drug to be developed is good for job stability for the researchers and developers who are needed far beyond the initial stages of production. Environmental Issues GSK All solvents are collected in large containers under the benches of each lab. When these are full they are taken away and dealt with in a way appropriate to the particular solvent. All waste from the labs is treated as being contaminated and is incinerated. The ash from this is disposed of in landfill sites. Potentially a very large volume of water would be put into the local sewage system. To avoid overloading the system, GSK have installed a recycling system where the water that passes through condensers is reused in a closed system. This also of course saves water. There are no sinks in any of the labs so that nothing can be poured away like is practiced in schools. They are very environmentally friendly. Implications This is great for the environment as nothing is thrown away. It is all dealt with carefully and the industry is becoming far more eco-friendly than in the past. Conclusion From my case study of Glaxo Smith Kline I have found that the industry is in reform. It is becoming far safer and there are many less ethical issues than ever before. Animal testing is low and the environment is finally being preserved. The industry is good for the economy and employs many people from college and university graduates to product test subjects. The pros of chemistry in society far outweigh the cons and this is illustrated perfectly in Glaxo Smith Kline. 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Similarities Between Poes Life And His Works Essay Example For Students

Similarities Between Poes Life And His Works Essay Similarities Between Poes Life And His WorksSimilarities Between Poe’s Life and His WorksIn Edgar Allan Poe’s lifetime and today, critics think that there are striking similarities between what Poe lived and what he wrote. His melancholy, often-depressing stories are thought to reflect his feelings. There is truth to this, although his entire life was not miserable. In fact, in some of his poems, the good characters are modeled after him. Edgar Allan Poe’s writing was affected by many things in his life, including his turbulent childhood, his poverty, and his many tragic losses. In Poe’s childhood, he had five parents. His original mother and father Elizabeth Arnold and David Poe ,Jr.; John Allan and Fanny Allan who took him in after his mother died and his father left him; and Jane Mackenzie whom he thought of as his mother. Elizabeth Arnold was a famous actress who everyone loved. Kenneth Silverman thinks that she initially instilled a love of the arts in Poe.(9) Unfortunately however, she died when he was only two years old. David Poe Jr. was also an actor, but he did not gain nearly as much critical acclaim because of his stage fright and a tendency to mumble. He left soon after Edgar was born and went to Baltimore where he lived for a few years and gained a reputation as a drunk. It is thought that he died at age twenty-seven in either New York or Baltimore. After his mother’s death, Poe was sent to live with John and Frances Allan who gave him a life radically different from the one he had known. Kenneth Silverman says that in his new lif e, Poe found material wealth and love instead of poverty and abandonment .(11) At age thirteen, Poe went with John Allan to London where he received a strict boarding school education. He enjoyed the challenges this school brought to him. William Wagenknecht says that in Poe’s later story, William Wilson, about a man who struggles with the concept of good and evil, the good character was based on Edgar’s happy times in England.(15) With Poe’s newfound wealth, he immersed himself in the arts. He would often quote Cervantes or Shakespeare and add that he was envious of their literary genius. At the tender age of fifteen, someone offered to publish a book of his works. Allan would not allow it though, as he was afraid of Poe’s ego swelling. Poe strived to excel in everything he did, swimming, long jump, running, and writing. This will to succeed showed up in his work later in life when he wrote constantly to keep up with the demand for his stories. Poe event ually broke away from Allan as a result of an argument between Allan and his second wife with Poe taking the wife’s side. He did briefly reconnect with Allan to get his recommendation for West Point. Poe eventually purposely failed our of West Point by missing classes and lost touch with his father all together.(18) These tumultuous times had great highs and lows which greatly affected Poe’s later writings. Another aspect of Poe’s life, which greatly affected his writing, was his poverty. Silverman agrees saying that, poverty was a consistent thread throughout his entire life (except his time with the Allans). In his early years, his mother’s career as an actress often left them with little more than donations from people who pitied the family.(10) Also, later in his life, Poe found himself in debt or poverty. This influenced many of his decisions; including the decision to work for little or nothing in order to get his first book published. This book, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, was published with no royalties going to Poe. His only consolation was that he got to keep the copyrights. It was these bittersweet times that allowed him his unique sense of self. He often equated love with pain, melancholy with beauty, and magnificence with death. Ronald Gottesman cites that he called death â€Å"that fitful stain of melancholy, which will ever be found inseparable fr om the perfection of the beautiful.†(1204) Edward Wagenknecht’s view is that, â€Å"Beauty brings melancholy because it is impossible to hold, and it can not be dissociated from death because even while we grasp at it, death snatches it away.† (157) Poe’s oxymoronic views frightened many of the day’s top writers. Gottesman also states that Ralph Waldo Emerson nicknamed Poe the â€Å"jingle man,† Henry James called his writing primitive, and T.S. Eliot labeled him as immature.(1206) In comparison, today Poe is regarded highly by critics and readers alike. In his twenties, Poe’s poverty left him angry at the world. He often transferred anger from his failed careers and lack of money to his writing and other aspects of his life. He often unnecessarily gave scathing reviews to average books or short stories and even accused Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism. This reflected a cause he was deeply involved in, trying to get internation al copyrights. He was passionate in this pursuit for equality of authors. He saw that American writers were able to simply copy British writers with little or no consequence. All of these factors contributed to a more frequent appearance of madmen during this era of his life. Including Roderick Usher in The Fall of the House of Usher; Montressor in The Cask of Amontillado; and the narrator in â€Å"The Raven.† His poverty brought him both joy and pain, but most critics are unsure of the total magnitude of the effect it had on his poetry and short stories. Free Rappaccini's Daughters: Cheeky Rappacci EssayPoe’s tragic life brought him great fortune, sadly, he was never around to see it. Like most great artists he was misunderstood in his time, and only in death was he able to achieve true fame. From his unstable early years to the death of his wife, Poe let everything around him enter his writing. The fact that people could relate to his characters made him a truly great writer. No matter how strange or crazy the characters were, there was always an undeniable human truth hidden inside. Those who were able to find that truth praised him for his depth. As for those who were not, they passed him off as just another magazine writer, drowning in his own mediocrity. The wide variety of critical evaluation he received is what made him a truly great writer. BibliographyWorks CitedGottesman, Donald (ed.). 1979. The Norton Anthology of American Literature (vol.1). New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p1204-1206. Jacobs, William Jay. Edgar Allan Poe. McGraw-Hill Books. New York: 1975. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Unabridged Edgar Allan Poe. Courage Books. New York: 1997. Porges, Irwin. Edgar Allan Poe. Chilton Books. Boston: 1963. Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: A Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance. Harper Collins Publishing. San Francisco: 1991. Wagenknecht, Edward. Edgar Allan Poe the Man Behind the Legend. University Press. New York: 1963. English Essays